Tugas Topologi Jaringan: Bahasa Inggris

TUGAS B.INGGRIS 2

OLEH : NURHAYATI YUNI PRATIWI

NPM : 15216577

FAKULTAS EKONOMI JURUSAN MANAJEMEN

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

DAFTAR ISI

Week 1

A. Some and Any .................................................................................................. 4

B. A Lot of ………..................................................................................................... 6

C. Much and Many................................................................................................ 7

D. Few and little………………………………………………………….................... 8

Week 2

A. Article A, An, and The ................................................................................... 9

B. No Article ........................................................................................................... 9

Week 3

A. Active and Pasive ……………………………………………….....……............. 10

B. Present Continuous……………………………………………………………… 11

C. Present Simple ................................................................................................. 11

D. Present Perfect …………………………………………………….....….............. 11

Week 4

A. Active and Pasive …………………………………………………………………. 12

B. Past Simple ......................................................................................................... 12

C. Past Continuous ………………..………………………………………….………. 14

D. Past Perfect………………………..……………………………………….………… 14

Week 5

A. Indefinite Pronouns ……………………………………………………..……..... 15

B. Reflexive Pronouns ......................................................................................... 16

Week 6

A. Have Something Done …………………………………………………….….….. 17

B. Causative Have ................................................................................................... 17

Week 7

A. Determiner: all, each, very, few, little ….…………………………………... 18

Week 8

A. Question Tag …………………………………………........…………….……………. 20

Week 9

A. So and Such …………………………………………….........…………………………. 24

Week 10

Quiz

Week 11

A. Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Present……………………...………... 26

Week 12

A. Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Past………………………………..…… 28

Week 13

A. Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Future……………………….…...……. 30

B. Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Imperative........................................ 30

Week 14

A. Direct and Indirect Speech bentuk Pertanyaan …………….…………… 31

Week 1

v Some And Any

The words some and any are used when the speaker cannot specify or does not need/want to specify a number or an exact amount. Compare the following sentences:

- I saw seven deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (It is important that you know how many deer I saw.) - I saw some deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (I don't know exactly how many deer I saw. Or: It is not important that you know exactly how many deer I saw.)

The "rules" that follow apply also to words containing some and any: somebody/anybody, something/anything, etc.

In general, some is used in positive sentences:

Ø I'd like to go somewhere hot this summer.

Ø Look! There are some large black birds on the roof of the church.

Ø I'm sure I'll return to Japan some day. You have some butter on your chin.

Ø There is somebody on the phone for you.

Ø I got some nice presents for Christmas this year.

Ø This job is going to take some time.

Ø If you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboard.

In general, any is used in negative sentences and questions:

Ø She's so rude. No wonder she doesn't have any friends.

Ø I don't need any help.

Ø I don't have anything to wear to the dance

Ø I didn't get any nice presents for Christmas this year.

Ø I looked in the cupboard but I couldn't find any biscuits.

Ø I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.

Ø Do you have any brothers or sisters?

Ø Are you going anywhere this Christmas?

Ø Did you catch any fish?

Ø Have you seen any good films recently?

Ø Does anyone know the answer?

1. We can use some in questions when offering/requesting:

Ø Do you want something to eat?

Ø Would you like some more coffe?

Ø Could I have some tea, please?

2. We use any in positive sentences when we mean it doesn't matter which ..:

Ø You can sit anywhere but here. This is my seat!

Ø You can come and ask for my help any time.

Ø Which book shall I read? - Any one. It's up to you.

v A lot of vs. Lots of

A lot of and lots of are used to express that there is a large quantity of something.

We use a lot of in positive sentences, negative sentences and questions. This expression can be used with countable or uncountable nouns.

Ø I have a lot of time to answer your questions. (Uncountable noun)

Ø We did have a lot of fun, didn't we? (Uncountable)

Ø There are a lot of dogs in the street. (Countable noun)

Ø I saw a lot of people waiting in the queue. (Countable)

We use lots of in positive and negative sentences, however it is more informal. It can be used with countable or uncountable nouns, and occasionally in questions.

Ø There are lots of people in the queue today. (Countable)

Ø I have lots of questions. (Countable)

Ø We have lots of time to catch the plane, lets relax. (Uncountable noun)

Ø Oh my, you have spent lots of money on clothes! (Uncountable)

She has a lot of money = She has lots of money

v Much vs. Many

Much and Many are used to express that there is a large quantity of something.

Much and Many are used in negative sentences and questions. Many is used with countable nouns Much is used with uncountable nouns.

Ø They don't have much money to buy a present. (Uncountable noun)

Ø Is there much milk in the fridge? (Uncountable noun)

Ø I don't have many CD's in my collection. (Countable noun)

Ø How many sisters do you have? (Countable noun)

Note: we almost never use Much and Many in positive sentences, we almost always use a lot of or lots of.

I have much money. (Incorrect because the sentence is positive / affirmative) I have a lot of money. (Correct)

With the word "times" we use many times more than a lot of times / lots of times. It sometimes means frequently or often.

Ø Don't worry, I've done this many times.

Ø That is my favourite movie. I've watch it many times.

Ø We have stayed at this hotel many times over the years.

v Few vs. Little

We use a few and a little to suggest a small quantity or not much of something. A few is used with countable nouns (= some; not many) A little is used with uncountable nouns (= some; not much)

Ø There are only a few days left until Christmas. (Countable noun)

Ø I have a few crazy friends. (Countable noun)

Ø I would like a little milk for my coffee. (Uncountable noun)

Ø There is little hope of finding your wallet. (Uncountable noun)

While Few and Little usually have negative meanings, especially when used with very.

Ø He is sad because he has few friends. (Countable noun)

Ø There are few honest politicians. (Countable noun)

Ø There is little hope of finding your wallet. (Uncountable noun)

Ø They have very little knowledge about politics. (Uncountable noun)

Week 2

v Article a, an, and the

1. Article a and an

a. When something is first mentioed, the naoun usually has a/an. Example :

Ø A man and a women were arrested, but the women was later release.

b. We can use aphrase with a/an as complement to describe something.

Example :

Ø Yesterday wa a beuutiful day.

c. We can use a phrase with a/an to classify.

What kind of bird is that ? A blackbird.

Example :

Ø Anglesey is an island off the Welsh coast.

2. Article the

a. When is the mentioned again, we use the. Example :

We went by train. The trip took an hour.

We say the trip because the idea of a trip is mentioned in the first sentence.

b. We use the for what is uniqe in the context. Examples :

 A car stopped and the driver got cut.

( A car has only one driver.)

 The sun was still shining.

( There is only one in out solar system.)

v No Article

Do not use an article before a noun if that thing cannot be counted (an uncountable noun), such as water or information. You will also not use the noun in the plural (with an “s” at the end).

Examples :

Ø I travel to America every few months.

Ø Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Ø Family is very important to me.

Week 3

v Active and Passive Sentences.

A sentence is written in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence. e.g. The girl was washing the dog. A sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else.

Passive voice

A sentence is written in passive voice when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else.

Forming Simple Present Passive

Affirmative Form	Object + am / is / are + verb3 (past participle)
Question Form	Am / Is / Are + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?

Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...

Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.

Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.

Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.

Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties. Active : Who sells umbrellas? Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?

Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.

Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

v Present Continous

Passive Affirmative Form	Object + am / is / are + being + verb3
Question Form	Am / is / are + Object + being + verb3 ?

Something has been done by someone at sometime up to now.

Active : They have cleaned the clinic.

Passive: The clinic has been cleaned by them.

Active : Thomas has written many books.

Passive: Many books have been written by Thomas.

Active : Have the police caught the man?

Passive: Has the man been caught by the police?

Active : UPS has delivered the letters.

Passive: The letters have been delivered by UPS.

v Present Perfect

Passive Affirmative Form	Object + have / has + been + verb3 (past participle)
Question Form	Have / has + object + been + verb3 (past participle)

Something has been done by someone at sometime up to now. Active : They have cleaned the clinic. Passive: The clinic has been cleaned by them. Active : Thomas has written many books. Passive: Many books have been written by Thomas. Active : Have the police caught the man? Passive: Has the man been caught by the police? Active : UPS has delivered the letters. Passive: The letters have been delivered by UPS.

Week 4

v Active and Passive Sentences In Past Form

a. Active : (a) subject + Verb + Object

Example : Mary halped the boy.

b. Pasive : Subject + verb

Example : The boy was helped by Mary.

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b).

Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun that follows by is called the “agent” in (b): Mary is the agent.

Sentence (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

Example simple past :

• Active : Marry helped the boy.

• Passive : The boy was helped by Mary.

v Past Simple

1. With most verbs we add-ed to fprm the past simple.

Examples :

• They played football on thuesday.

• We finished our mael and walked home.

Some past forms are irregular

Example : When they saw the fire, they ran away.

2. In the negative we use did not or didn’t + base form.

Example :

· We Didn’t finish our meal

· They Didn’t run away

In the questions we use did + base form

Examples :

· How fast did they run?

· Did they finish their meal?

3. Both regular and irregular verbs are the same in all persons. The one exception is the verb be. Example : I was / You were late this morning.

We do not use did with was or were.

Examples:

• I wasn’t hungry at lunch.

• Were you tired last night?

4. We use the past simple for an action in the past. Examples :

• I saw the film three weeks ago.

• The war ended in 1945.

The time of the action (yesterday, three weeks ago) is over.

5. The past simple can also refer to a seris of actions in the past.

Examples:

• I often visited this place as c child.

• He went to the Job Center several times.

We also use the past simple for states.

Examples:

• I believed in fairies when I was little.

• That party last week was great.

v Past continuous

1. The past continuous is the past of be + ing-form.

Examples:

It was getting dark.

My mobile wasn’t working.

2. We use the past continuous to express the idea that at time in the past we were in the middle of something.

Examples :

• At 3 a.m. I was lying there wide awake.

• We stood there horrified. Water was pouring through a hole in the ceiling.

Compare the present continuous and past continuous.

Examples:

• I’m travelling around the world.

(I am in the middle of my journey.)

I was travelling around the world.

(I was in the middle of my journey.)

We sometimes use the past continuous for an action going on over a whole periode.

Example :

• The builders were working all night.

• We could also use the past simple (worked) here.

v Past Perfect

The past perfect is had + past participle.

Examples :

• How long had the animals been.

• Adam was sad that this aunt had died.

We use the past perfect for an actions or state before a past time. Compare the present and past perfect.

Examples :

· The floor is clean. I’ve washed it.

· The floor was clean. I’d washed it.

Week 5

v Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

	Person	Place	Thing
All	Everyone Everybody	Everywhere	Everything
Part (positive)	Someone Somebody	Somewhere	Something
Part (Negative)	Anyone Anybody	Anywhere	Anything
None	No one Nobody	Nowhere	Nothing

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

1. All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.

2. Lizzie gave that book to someone and never got it back.

3. Anyone can play the game as long as they follow the rules.

4. Does anybody have a clue where the dog went?

5. Everyone knows it is impolite to point at someone.

v Defining Reflexive Pronouns

You might already know that reflexive pronouns are a bit different from the other kinds of pronouns. They cause the verb to reflect back on the subject. In other words, reflexive pronouns are used when the subject of the sentence is the same as the object of the verb of that sentence.

Here is an example that might aid you in understanding this concept:

Ø I washed myself clean in the bathtub.

In this example, it is clear that the subject of the sentence, “I,” was not washing anyone else clean in the bathtub but him or herself.

Matching Reflexive and Personal Pronouns

Now that you understand how they work, here are the reflexive pronouns and their matching personal pronoun:

Ø “Myself” goes with “I,”

Ø “yourself” goes with the singular “you”

Ø “yourselves” goes with the plural form of “you”

Ø “himself” goes with “he”

Ø “herself” goes with “she”

Ø “itself” goes with “it”

Ø “ourselves” goes with “we”

Ø “themselves” goes with them

Here are examples of all of these reflexive pronouns in sample sentences:

1. I whistled to myself to calm down.

2. If you don‟t know what is wrong with yourself, then ask a doctor.

3. Without strong steel architecture, the building would collapse in on itself.

4. We thought to ourselves, this has been the best day we have ever spent together!

5. She bought herself a new purse for her new job

Week 6

v Have Something Done

We usually use ‘have something done’ when we are talking about paying someone to do something for us. It’s often used for services. The form is ‘subject + have + object + past participe’ .

Examples :

Ø I had my car washed.

Ø John will have his house painted.

v Causative Have

We use a causative verb when we wat to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn’t do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can say :

Ø I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself).

If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say :

Ø A cleaner cleaned my house.

But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say :

Ø I had my house cleaned.

In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the house is now clean. We don’t focus on who did the cleaning.

Week 7

v Determiners (the, my, some, this)

Determiners are words such as the, my, this, twenty,each, any, which are used before nouns:

The countryside some paper this old sofa

My father five green chairs each person

Determiners include the following cammon types:

Article: a/an, the

Demostrative: this, that, these, those

Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their x’s (possessive ‘s)

Quantifiers: one, two, three, etc.

Here is a list of the determiners included in this book. Many of them have individual entries:

(a) few, fewer, fewest	every	most	that
(a) little	half	much	The
(an) other	her	my	Their
a/an	his	neither	These
all	its	no	This
any	Jim’s, Anna’s, etc	One, two, three, etc	Those
both	least	our	What
each	less	several	Which
either	many	some	Whose
enough	more	such	your

Sometimes we don‟t use a determiner before the noun. We call this „zero determiner‟:

Dogs love biscuits.

See also:

 A/an and the

What do determiners do?

Determiners have two main functions: referring and quantifying.

Referring

Referring means showing us who or what the noun is pointing to or talking about. The most common types of determiners which we use for referring are articles, possessives and demonstratives:

A:Where‟s the newspaper?

B:It‟s on the sofa. (the means the noun refers to something the speaker and listener both know or are familiar with)

A :Have you seen my MP3 player anywhere?

B:Yes. It‟s on the kitchen table. (my refers to something which belongs to the speaker; the refers to something the speaker and listener can both identify because they both know or share knowledge about it.)Do you want this bag or are you going to put it in that box? (this refers to something near the speaker; that refers to something further away.)

Charles is looking for his dictionary. Have you got it? (his means the noun refers to something belnging to a male, in this case, Charles.)

Week 8

v Question Tags

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.

Form (Bentuk)

 Positive statement → question tag negative →You are Tom, aren’t you?

 Negative statement → question tag positive →He isn’t Joe, is he?

Penggunaan

ada beberapa aturan yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembentukan question tag. perhatikan penjelasan berikut ini:

Positive/negative

Jika bagian utama kalimatnya Positif maka question tag nya negative.

 He’s a doctor, isn’t he? Dia seorang dokter, bukan?

 You work in a bank, don’t you? Kamu bekerja di Bank, Bukan?

Dan sebaliknya, jika bagian utama kalimatnya Negatif, maka Questionnya Positif

 You haven’t met him, have you? Kamu belum menemuinya, kan?

 She isn’t coming, is she? Dia tidak datang, kan?

With auxiliary verbs (Dengan auxiliary verbs)

Question Tag menggunakan kata kerja yang sama (the same verb) sebagai bagian poko kalimat. Jika ini sebagai auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) kemudian question tag nya dibuat dengan auxiliary verb itu. .

 They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?

 They weren’t here, were they?

 He had met him before, hadn’t he?

Without auxiliary verbs ( Tanpa auxiliary verbs)

Jika bagian pokok kalimatnya tidak auxiliary verb, maka question tag menggunakan bentuk Do yang sesuai

 I said that, didn’t I? aku yang mengatakan itu, bukan?

 You don’t recognise me, do you? Kamu tidak mengenal aku, kan?

With modal verbs (dengan Modal Verb)

jika dalam pokok kalimat terdapat sebuah modal verb, question tag mengguanakan modal verb yang sama.

 They couldn’t hear me, could they? Mereka tidak dapat mendengar, kan?

 You won’t tell anyone, will you? Kamu tidaka akan cerita korang lain, kan?

With ‘I am’

hati –hati pengguanaan Question tag yang menggunakan kata ganti I am pada awal kalimatnya. question tag untuk ‘I am’ adealah ‘aren’t I?’

 I’m the fastest, aren’t I?aku paling cepat, bukan? ]

Intonation

Question tags dapat menjadi pertanyaan yang real yakni ketika kita menggunakannya dalam percakapan untuk mengetahui sebuah jawaban terhadap sesuatu hal atau kita hanya meminta persetujuan saja karena sebenarnya kita sudah tahu jawabannya. Jadi, pertanyaan penegas, yang tidak membutuhkan jawaban.

 jika question nya adalah real questionkita menggunakan intonasi yang meningggi (rising intonation). Intonasi suara kita menaik.

 Jika kita sudah tahu jawabannya kita menggunakan intonasi yang rendah ( falling intonation).

Remember!!

ada beberapa kalimat positive yang dianggap sebagai kalimat negative, apabila kalimat pernyataan positif tersebut diikuti oleh kata-kata berikut:

Never : tidak pernah

seldom: Jarang

Rarely : jarang

hardly : Hampir tidak

few / little : sedikit

Contoh kalimat

1. We must be at home at 8 pm, mustn’t we? kita harus berada di rumah jam 8, bukan?

2. Open the window, will you? tolong buka jendela itu, mau kan?

3. Open the window, would you? tolong buka jendela itu, mau kan?

4. Don’t open your books, will you? tolong jangan buka buku mu, kamu mau bukan?

5. We have a car, haven’t we? mostly British English. kita punya mobil, bukan?

6. We have a car, don’t we? mostly American English. kita punya mobil, bukan?

7. He never goes out with his dog, does he? dia tidak pernah keluar dengan anjing nya, kan?

8. They play football on Sundays, don’t they? mereka bermain sepak bola pada hari Minggu, bukan?

9. She plays football on Sundays, doesn’t she? dia bermain sepak bola pada hari minggu, bukan?

10. They played football on Sundays, didn’t they?dia bermain sepeak bola pada hari minggu, bukan?